Heat-Based Methods:
* Curling Irons (Heated by Fire): These were made of metal (iron, steel, or even brass) and were heated in a fire, over a stove, or with hot coals.
* How it worked: The iron would be heated to a suitable (but often difficult to gauge) temperature. Hair was then wrapped around the hot iron barrel to create curls.
* Risks: Burns were a significant risk, both to the hair (damage) and the skin. Overheating the iron could easily singe or burn the hair.
* Variations: Curling irons came in different sizes and shapes to create different curl styles. Some even had a locking mechanism to hold the hair in place.
* Heated Rods/Pins: Similar to curling irons, these were metal rods or pins that were heated and then used to curl the hair.
* Tongs/Pincers: These were used in a similar fashion to curling irons, clamping the hair to shape it.
Setting Methods (Non-Heat):
These methods rely on shaping the hair while wet or damp and allowing it to dry in that shape.
* Rags/Cloth Strips: Strips of cloth were used to wrap sections of hair.
* How it worked: Hair was rolled around the cloth strips from the ends to the scalp and tied in place. The hair would then dry in the shape of the roll, creating curls or waves.
* Pros: Relatively gentle on the hair and widely accessible.
* Paper Curlers/Curl Papers: Similar to rags, paper strips or specifically designed paper curlers were used to wrap and curl the hair.
* Pin Curls: Sections of damp hair were carefully wound into flat coils and pinned to the head with bobby pins or hairpins.
* How it worked: The hair would dry in the shape of the coil, creating a defined curl when the pins were removed.
* Pros: Allowed for a variety of curl sizes and patterns.
* Braiding: Braiding damp hair, especially tightly, could create waves when the braids were undone. The more braids, the wavier the hair.
* Using objects: Items like pipe cleaners, drinking straws, or even fingers can be used to wrap damp hair around and then hold in place with pins.
Other Considerations:
* Hair Pomades/Lotions: Hair products (often homemade) were used to help hold the curl and reduce frizz. These might include ingredients like beeswax, oils, or gums.
* Time: All of these methods were time-consuming. Setting methods, especially, required several hours or even overnight to dry completely.
* Skill/Practice: Achieving consistent and attractive results required practice and skill.
The specific method used would depend on the period, social class, the desired hairstyle, and available resources.