* Dark Base: Black hair is very dark, meaning it already contains a lot of pigment.
* Blue Pigment: Blue dye needs a lighter base to show up vividly. Applying it directly to black hair will mean the blue pigment has to fight through the existing dark pigment.
* Result: At best, you might see a very subtle, dark blue tint in certain lighting. More likely, it will appear as a darker shade of black, perhaps with a slight blue-ish hue. The hair might appear to have a bluish sheen in sunlight.
In short, dyeing black hair blue without bleaching will not result in a vibrant blue color. Bleaching is necessary to lift the dark pigment and create a pale enough base for the blue dye to be visible.